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Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in ecosystem-scale biogeochemical modelshave traditionally been simulated as immeasurable fluxes between conceptuallydefined pools. This greatly limits how empirical data can be used to improvemodel performance and reduce the uncertainty associated with theirpredictions of carbon (C) cycling. Recent advances in our understanding ofthe biogeochemical processes that govern SOM formation and persistence demanda new mathematical model with a structure built around key mechanisms andbiogeochemically relevant pools. Here, we present one approach that aims toaddress this need. Our new model (MEMS v1.0) is developed from the MicrobialEfficiency-Matrix Stabilization framework, which emphasizes the importance oflinking the chemistry of organic matter inputs with efficiency of microbialprocessing and ultimately with the soil mineral matrix, when studying SOMformation and stabilization. Building on this framework, MEMS v1.0 is alsocapable of simulating the concept of C saturation and representsdecomposition processes and mechanisms of physico-chemical stabilization todefine SOM formation into four primary fractions. After describing the modelin detail, we optimize four key parameters identified through avariance-based sensitivity analysis. Optimization employed soil fractionationdata from 154 sites with diverse environmental conditions, directly equatingmineral-associated organic matter and particulate organic matter fractionswith corresponding model pools. Finally, model performance was evaluatedusing total topsoil (0–20 cm) C data from 8192 forest and grassland sitesacross Europe. Despite the relative simplicity of the model, it was able toaccurately capture general trends in soil C stocks across extensive gradientsof temperature, precipitation, annual C inputs and soil texture. The novelapproach that MEMS v1.0 takes to simulate SOM dynamics has the potential toimprove our forecasts of how soils respond to management and environmentalperturbation. Ensuring these forecasts are accurate is key to effectivelyinforming policy that can address the sustainability of ecosystem servicesand help mitigate climate change.

The timing and duration of the plant growing season and its period of peak activity have shifted globally in response to climate change. These changes alter the period of maximum and potential total carbon uptake, especially in highly seasonal environments such as the Arctic. Earlier plant growth has been observed, and if plant senescence remains the same or is delayed, growing season extension will likely lead to greater carbon uptake and growth. We used phenology data from a multifactor climate change experiment to examine how altered seasonality influences the timing and rate‐of‐senescence and to compare direct observations of individual plant senescence with mathematical models of onset‐of‐senescence based on near‐surface remote sensing. Our three‐year experiment in an Arctic tundra ecosystem altered plant microclimates through factorial warming and earlier snowmelt treatments. We found that (1) early snowmelt and warmer temperatures led to earlier remotely sensed onset‐of‐senescence, but did not alter the rate‐of‐senescence, (2) the timing of color change for individual vascular plants did not change in response to the treatments, leading to a mismatch with remotely sensed phenology, and (3) cumulative, phenologically dependent microclimate metrics (e.g., soil cold degree‐days) best predicted the onset‐of‐senescence. Our study highlights the complexity of observing and understanding controls over phenological shifts that affect plant growth and consequently ecosystem functions. Experimental studies that include multiple approaches to observe and model phenological changes and microclimate are critical to develop phenological forecasting models.

Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient used to maximize plant growth and yield. Current agriculture management practices commonly experience low plant P use efficiency due to natural chemical sorption and transformations when P fertilizer is applied to soils. A perplexing challenge facing agriculture production is finding sustainable solutions to deliver P more efficiently to plants. Using prescribed applications of specific soil microbial assemblages to mobilize soil bound—P to improve crop nutrient uptake and productivity has rarely been employed. We investigated whether inoculation of soils with a bacterial consortium developed to mobilize soil P, named Mammoth P^TM, could increase plant productivity. In turf, herbs, and fruits, the combination of conventional inorganic fertilizer combined with Mammoth P^TMincreased productivity up to twofold compared to the fertilizer treatments without the Mammoth P^TMinoculant. Jalapeño plants were found to bloom more rapidly when treated with either Mammoth P. In wheat trials, we found that Mammoth P^TMby itself was able to deliver yields equivalent to those achieved with conventional inorganic fertilizer applications and improved productivity more than another biostimulant product. Results from this study indicate the substantial potential of Mammoth P^TMto enhance plant growth and crop productivity.

Permafrost thaw is projected to restructure the connectivity of surface and subsurface flow paths, influencing export dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) through Arctic watersheds. Resulting shifts in flow path exchange between both soil horizons (organic‐mineral) and landscape positions (hillslope‐riparian) could alter DOM mobility and molecular‐level patterns in chemical composition. Using conservative tracers, we found relatively rapid lateral flows occurred across a headwater Arctic tundra hillslope, as well as along the mineral‐permafrost interface. While pore waters collected from the organic horizon were associated with plant‐derived molecules, those collected from permafrost‐influenced mineral horizons had a microbial origin, as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Using high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that riparian DOM had greater structural diversity than hillslope DOM, suggesting riparian soils could supply a diverse array of compounds to surface waters if terrestrial‐aquatic connectivity increases with warming. In combination, these results suggest that integrating DOM mobilization with its chemical and spatial heterogeneity can help predict how permafrost loss will structure ecosystem metabolism and carbon‐climate feedbacks in Arctic catchments with similar topographic features.